Lambar atom	41
Lambar CAS	7440-03-1
Matsayin atomic	92.91
Wurin narkewa	2 468 °C
Wurin tafasa	4 900 °C
Girman atom	0.0180 nm3
Yawa a 20 °C	8.55g/cm³
Tsarin lu'ulu'u	mai siffar cubic mai tsakiya jiki
Daidaitaccen layi	0.3294 [nm]
Yawa a cikin ɓawon duniya	20.0 [g/t]
Saurin sauti	3480 m/s (a rt) (sanda mai siriri)
Faɗaɗawar zafi	7.3 µm/(m·K) (a 25°C)
Maida wutar lantarki ta thermal	53.7W/(m·K)
juriyar lantarki	152 nΩ·m (a 20°C)
Taurin Mohs	6.0
Taurin Vickers	870-1320Mpa
Taurin Brinell	1735-2450Mpa

Niobium, wanda aka fi sani da columbium, wani sinadari ne mai alamar Nb (wanda a da ake kira Cb) da kuma lambar atomic 41. Yana da wani ƙarfe mai laushi, launin toka, mai lu'ulu'u, wanda ake samu a cikin ma'adanai pyrochlore da columbite, shi ya sa tsohon sunan "columbium". Sunansa ya fito ne daga tatsuniyar Girka, musamman Niobe, wacce 'yar Tantalus ce, wacce aka fi sani da tantalum. Sunan yana nuna babban kamanceceniya tsakanin abubuwan biyu a cikin halayensu na zahiri da na sinadarai, wanda hakan ke sa su wahalar bambancewa.

Masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Ingila Charles Hatchett ya ba da rahoton wani sabon sinadari mai kama da tantalum a shekarar 1801 kuma ya sanya masa suna columbium. A shekarar 1809, masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Ingila William Hyde Wollaston ya kammala da kuskuren cewa tantalum da columbium iri ɗaya ne. Masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Jamus Heinrich Rose ya tantance a shekarar 1846 cewa tantalum ma'adanai suna ɗauke da wani sinadari na biyu, wanda ya sanya wa suna niobium. A cikin 1864 da 1865, jerin binciken kimiyya sun fayyace cewa niobium da columbium sinadari ɗaya ne (kamar yadda aka bambanta su da tantalum), kuma tsawon ƙarni guda ana amfani da sunayen biyu a musayar ra'ayi. An amince da niobium a matsayin sunan sinadari a hukumance a shekarar 1949, amma sunan columbium yana nan a yanzu a fannin ƙarfe a Amurka.

Sai a farkon karni na 20 ne aka fara amfani da niobium a fannin kasuwanci. Brazil ita ce babbar mai samar da niobium da ferroniobium, wani sinadari na niobium 60-70% da ke dauke da ƙarfe. Ana amfani da niobium galibi a cikin sinadari, mafi girman sashi a cikin ƙarfe na musamman kamar wanda ake amfani da shi a bututun iskar gas. Duk da cewa waɗannan sinadari suna ɗauke da matsakaicin kashi 0.1%, ƙaramin kashi na niobium yana ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfe. Daidaiton zafin jiki na superalloys masu ɗauke da niobium yana da mahimmanci don amfani da shi a cikin injunan jet da roka.

Ana amfani da Niobium a cikin kayan superconducting daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙarfe masu ƙarfin gaske, waɗanda kuma ke ɗauke da titanium da tin, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin maganadisu masu ƙarfin gaske na na'urorin duban MRI. Sauran aikace-aikacen niobium sun haɗa da walda, masana'antar nukiliya, kayan lantarki, na'urorin gani, numismatics, da kayan ado. A cikin aikace-aikace biyu na ƙarshe, ƙarancin guba da hasken da anodization ke samarwa sune halaye da ake so sosai. Ana ɗaukar Niobium a matsayin abu mai mahimmanci ga fasaha.

Halayen jiki

Niobium ƙarfe ne mai sheƙi, launin toka, mai ductile, kuma mai kama da paramagnetic a cikin rukuni na 5 na teburin lokaci-lokaci (duba tebur), tare da tsarin electron a cikin mafi kyawun harsashi wanda ba shi da alaƙa da rukuni na 5. (Ana iya ganin wannan a maƙwabtan ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), da palladium (46).

Ko da yake ana tsammanin yana da tsarin lu'ulu'u mai siffar cubic wanda ke tsakiya da jiki daga sifili zuwa wurin narkewarsa, ma'aunin babban ƙuduri na faɗaɗa zafi tare da gatari uku na lu'ulu'u yana nuna anisotropies waɗanda ba su dace da tsarin lu'ulu'u ba.[28] Saboda haka, ana sa ran ƙarin bincike da ganowa a wannan fanni.

Niobium ya zama superconductor a yanayin zafi mai zafi. A matsin yanayi, yana da mafi girman zafin jiki na superconductors na elemental a 9.2 K. Niobium yana da mafi girman zurfin shigar maganadisu na kowane abu. Bugu da ƙari, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan conductors na elemental Type II guda uku, tare da vanadium da technetium. Halayen superconductive sun dogara sosai akan tsarkin ƙarfe na niobium.

Idan yana da tsarki sosai, yana da laushi da laushi, amma ƙazanta yana sa ya yi wahala.

Karfe yana da ƙarancin kamawa ga neutrons na zafin jiki; don haka ana amfani da shi a masana'antar nukiliya inda ake buƙatar tsarin neutron mai haske.

Halayen Sinadarai

Karfe yana ɗaukar launin shuɗi idan aka fallasa shi ga iska a zafin ɗaki na tsawon lokaci. Duk da cewa yana da babban wurin narkewa a cikin siffa mai ƙarfi (2,468 °C), yana da ƙarancin yawa fiye da sauran ƙarfe masu hana tsatsa. Bugu da ƙari, yana da juriya ga tsatsa, yana nuna halayen superconductivity, kuma yana samar da yadudduka na dielectric oxide.

Niobium yana da ɗan ƙarancin electropositive kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da wanda ya gabace shi a cikin teburin periodic table, zirconium, yayin da girmansa kusan iri ɗaya ne da na atom ɗin tantalum masu nauyi, sakamakon matsewar lanthanide. Sakamakon haka, halayen sinadarai na niobium sun yi kama da na tantalum, wanda ke bayyana kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin niobium a cikin teburin periodic table. Duk da cewa juriyarsa ga tsatsa ba ta yi fice kamar ta tantalum ba, ƙarancin farashi da kuma yawan samuwa yana sa niobium ya zama mai jan hankali ga aikace-aikacen da ba su da wahala, kamar layin vat a cikin masana'antun sinadarai.