Tungsten ndiyoyenera makamaka ngati zida zapamadzi zopanikizika kwambiri zachombo zomwe zimatsekereza madzi amadzimadzi otentha, pokhala chitsulo chokhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri.Komabe, choyipa chake ndi kulimba kwake, komwe kumapangitsa kuti chisalimba komanso chiwonongeke.Buku, zinthu zolimba zolimba tsopano zapangidwa ndi Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) ku Garching.Zimapangidwa ndi tungsten yokhazikika yokhala ndi mawaya okutidwa ndi tungsten ophatikizidwa.Kafukufuku wotheka wangowonetsa kuyenerera kwapawiri kwatsopano.

Cholinga cha kafukufuku wopangidwa ku IPP ndikupanga makina opangira magetsi omwe, monga dzuwa, amapeza mphamvu kuchokera ku kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya ya atomiki.Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsika osalimba a hydrogen plasma.Kuti muyatse moto wophatikizika, plasma iyenera kutsekeredwa m'maginito ndikutenthetsa kutentha kwambiri.Pakatikati pa madigiri 100 miliyoni amakwaniritsidwa.Tungsten ndi chitsulo chodalirika kwambiri ngati zinthu zomwe zimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi plasma yotentha.Izi zawonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wambiri pa IPP.Vuto lomwe silinathetsedwe mpaka pano, lakhala kulimba kwa zinthuzo: Tungsten imasiya kulimba kwake pansi pamikhalidwe yamagetsi.Kupsyinjika kwanuko - kupsinjika, kutambasula kapena kupanikizika - sikungapeweke ndi zinthu zomwe zikupereka pang'ono.Ming'alu imapanga m'malo mwake: Zigawo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwanuko.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake IPP idayang'ana zomanga zomwe zitha kugawa mikangano yakumaloko.Zitsulo zolimbitsidwa ndi ulusi zimakhala ngati zitsanzo: Mwachitsanzo, brittle silicon carbide imapangidwa kulimba kasanu ikalimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa silicon carbide.Pambuyo pa maphunziro angapo oyambirira a IPP wasayansi Johann Riesch anali kufufuza ngati mankhwala ofanana angagwire ntchito ndi tungsten zitsulo.

Chinthu choyamba chinali kupanga zinthu zatsopano.Chomangira cha tungsten chinayenera kulimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wautali wokutidwa wokhala ndi waya wotuluka kuchokera ku tungsten woonda ngati tsitsi.Mawayawo, omwe poyamba ankafuna ngati ma filaments owala a mababu, komwe amaperekedwa ndi Osram GmbH.Zida zosiyanasiyana zowapaka zidafufuzidwa pa IPP, kuphatikiza erbium oxide.Ulusi wa tungsten wokutidwa monsewo unkalumikizidwa palimodzi, mofanana kapena kuluka.Kudzaza mipata pakati pa mawaya ndi tungsten Johann Riesch ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ndiye anapanga njira yatsopano mogwirizana ndi English mafakitale mnzake Archer Technicoat Ltd. Njira yofatsa yopangira kompositi idapezeka: Tungsten imayikidwa pa mawaya kuchokera ku mpweya wosakaniza pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pa kutentha kwapakati.Aka kanali koyamba kuti tungsten yolimba ya tungsten-fibre-reinforced tungsten idapangidwa bwino, zotsatira zake: Kulimba kwa fracture kwa kompositi yatsopano kunali kale katatu poyerekezera ndi tungsten yopanda ulusi pambuyo pa mayeso oyamba.

Chinthu chachiwiri chinali kufufuza momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito: Chomwe chinatsimikizira chinali chakuti mlatho wa fibers umang'ambika m'matrix ndipo ukhoza kugawa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito kwanuko.Apa zolumikizirana pakati pa ulusi ndi tungsten matrix, kumbali imodzi, ziyenera kukhala zofooka mokwanira kuti zitheke pamene ming'alu ipangika ndipo, kumbali inayo, ikhale yolimba kuti ipereke mphamvu pakati pa ulusi ndi matrix.Poyesa kupindika izi zitha kuwonedwa mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray microtomography.Izi zidawonetsa momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito.

Chofunikira pakuthandiza kwazinthuzo, komabe, ndikuti kulimba kwake kumasungidwa akagwiritsidwa ntchito.Johann Riesch adafufuza izi pofufuza zitsanzo zomwe zidapangidwa ndi matenthedwe am'mbuyomu.Zitsanzozi zikayikidwa pa ma radiation a synchrotron kapena kuyika pansi pa maikulosikopu ya ma elekitironi, kuzitambasulira ndikuzipinda zimatsimikiziranso pankhaniyi zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa bwino: Ngati matrix akulephera kupsinjika, ulusi umatha kutsekereza ming'alu yomwe ikuchitika ndikuyimitsa.

Mfundo za kumvetsetsa ndi kupanga nkhani zatsopano zakhazikika.Zitsanzo tsopano ziyenera kupangidwa pansi pamikhalidwe yowongoka komanso yokhala ndi zolumikizira zokongoletsedwa, ichi ndi chofunikira pakupanga kwakukulu.Zatsopanozi zitha kukhalanso zosangalatsa kupitirira gawo la kafukufuku wa fusion.