Tungstenndizoyenera makamaka ngati zida zopangira zida zopanikizika kwambiri za chotengera zomwe zimatsekereza plasma yotentha, pokhala chitsulo chokhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri.Komabe, choyipa chake ndi kulimba kwake, komwe kumapangitsa kuti chisalimba komanso chitha kuwonongeka.Buku, zinthu zolimba zolimba tsopano zapangidwa ndi Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) ku Garching.Amakhala ndi homogeneoustungstenndi yokutidwatungsten wayaophatikizidwa.Kafukufuku wotheka wangowonetsa kuyenerera kwapawiri kwatsopano.

Cholinga cha kafukufuku wopangidwa ku IPP ndikupanga makina opangira magetsi omwe, monga dzuwa, amapeza mphamvu kuchokera ku kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya ya atomiki.Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsika osalimba a hydrogen plasma.Kuti muyatse moto wophatikizika, plasma iyenera kutsekeredwa m'maginito ndikutenthetsa kutentha kwambiri.Pakatikati pa madigiri 100 miliyoni amakwaniritsidwa.Tungstenndi chitsulo chodalirika kwambiri ngati zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi plasma yotentha.Izi zawonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wambiri pa IPP.Vuto lomwe silinathetsedwe mpaka pano, lakhala kufooka kwa zinthuzo:Tungstenamataya kulimba kwake pansi pa mphamvu zomera zinthu.Kupsyinjika kwanuko - kupsinjika, kutambasula kapena kupanikizika - sikungapeweke ndi zinthu zomwe zikupereka pang'ono.Ming'alu imapanga m'malo mwake: Zigawo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwanuko.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake IPP idayang'ana zomanga zomwe zitha kugawa mikangano yakumaloko.Zitsulo zolimbitsidwa ndi ulusi zinali ngati zitsanzo: Mwachitsanzo, brittle silicon carbide imapangidwa kulimba kasanu ikalimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa silicon carbide.Pambuyo pa maphunziro angapo oyambirira a IPP wasayansi Johann Riesch anali kufufuza ngati mankhwala ofanana angagwire ntchito ndi tungsten zitsulo.

Chinthu choyamba chinali kupanga zinthu zatsopano.Atungsten matrix amayenera kulimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wautali wokutira wokhala ndi zotulukawaya wa tungstenwoonda ngati tsitsi.Mawaya, poyamba ankafuna kuti akhale owalafilamentskwa mababu, komwe amaperekedwa ndi Osram GmbH.Zida zosiyanasiyana zowapaka zidafufuzidwa pa IPP, kuphatikiza erbium oxide.Chokutidwa kwathunthuulusi wa tungstenKenako amalumikizidwa palimodzi, mofanana kapena kuluka.Kudzaza mipata pakati pa mawaya ndi tungsten Johann Riesch ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ndiye anapanga njira yatsopano mogwirizana ndi English mafakitale mnzake Archer Technicoat Ltd. njira yofatsa yopangira kompositi idapezeka: Thetungstenimayikidwa pamawaya osakanikirana ndi mpweya pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pa kutentha kwapakati.Aka kanali koyamba kutitungsten-fiber-reinforced tungstenanapangidwa bwino, ndi zotsatira zomwe ankafuna: Kulimba kwa fracture kwa chigawo chatsopano kunali kale katatu poyerekezera ndi tungsten yopanda fibreless pambuyo pa mayesero oyambirira.

Chinthu chachiwiri chinali kufufuza momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito: Chomwe chinatsimikizira chinali chakuti mlatho wa fibers umang'ambika m'matrix ndipo ukhoza kugawa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito m'deralo.Apa zolumikizirana pakati pa ulusi ndi tungsten matrix, kumbali imodzi, ziyenera kukhala zofooka mokwanira kuti zitheke pamene ming'alu ipangika ndipo, kumbali inayo, ikhale yolimba kuti ipereke mphamvu pakati pa ulusi ndi matrix.Poyesa kupindika izi zitha kuwonedwa mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray microtomography.Izi zidawonetsa momwe zinthuzo zimagwirira ntchito.

Chofunikira pakuthandiza kwazinthuzo, komabe, ndikuti kulimba kwake kumasungidwa akagwiritsidwa ntchito.Johann Riesch adafufuza izi pofufuza zitsanzo zomwe zidapangidwa ndi matenthedwe am'mbuyomu.Zitsanzozi zikamayikidwa pa ma radiation a synchrotron kapena kuyika pansi pa maikulosikopu ya ma elekitironi, kuzitambasula ndikuzipinda zimatsimikiziranso momwe zinthu ziliri pankhaniyi: Ngati matrix akulephera kupsinjika, ulusiwo umatha kutsekereza ming'alu yomwe ikuchitika ndikuyimitsa.

Mfundo za kumvetsetsa ndi kupanga nkhani zatsopano zakhazikika.Zitsanzo tsopano ziyenera kupangidwa pansi pamikhalidwe yowongoka komanso yokhala ndi zolumikizira zokongoletsedwa, ichi ndichinthu chofunikira kuti apange zinthu zazikulu.Zatsopanozi zitha kukhalanso zosangalatsa kupitirira gawo la kafukufuku wa fusion.