He moʻolelo pōkole o tungsten

He moʻolelo lōʻihi a kaulana ʻo Tungsten e pili ana i ka Middle Ages, i ka wā e hōʻike ana ka poʻe miners tin ma Kelemania i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mineral hoʻonāukiuki i hele pinepine ʻia me ka ʻuala a hoʻemi i ka hua o ka tin i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa o nā miners i ka wolfram mineral no kona makemake e "ʻai" i ka tin "e like me ka ʻīlio hae."
Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Tungsten ma ke ʻano he mea i ka makahiki 1781, e ka mea hoʻokalakupua Kuekene ʻo Carl Wilhelm Scheele, ka mea i ʻike e hiki ke hana ʻia kahi ʻakika hou, i kapa ʻia ʻo tungstic acid, mai kahi mineral i kapa ʻia ʻo scheelite.Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Scheele lāua ʻo Torbern Bergman, he polopeka ma Uppsala, Suedena, i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa lanahu o kēlā waikawa e loaʻa ai kahi metala.

ʻO Tungsten e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he metala i ka makahiki 1783 e ʻelua mau mea kemika Spanish, nā kaikunāne ʻo Juan Jose lāua ʻo Fausto Elhuyar, i nā laʻana o ka mineral i kapa ʻia ʻo wolframite, i like me ka tungstic acid a hāʻawi iā mākou i ka hōʻailona kemika o tungsten (W) .I nā makahiki mua ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana ua ʻimi nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā noi like ʻole no ka element a me kāna mau pūhui, akā ʻo ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka tungsten i hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana i ka ʻoihana.
I ka makahiki 1847, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻenekinia i kapa ʻia ʻo Robert Oxland i kahi patent e hoʻomākaukau, hana, a hoʻemi i ka tungsten i kona ʻano metala, e hana i nā noi ʻoihana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a no laila, ʻoi aku ka hiki.Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā kila i loaʻa i ka tungsten i ka 1858, e alakaʻi ana i nā kila paʻakikī mua i ka makahiki 1868. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano kila hou a hiki i ka 20% tungsten ma ka 1900 World Exhibition ma Paris, Farani, a ua kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka metala. nā ʻoihana hana a me nā hale kūkulu;hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau mea hao i nā hale kūʻai mīkini a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kēia lā.

I ka makahiki 1904, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia nā ʻōpuʻu kukui tungsten filament mua, e lawe ana i kahi o nā kukui filament kalapona i emi ʻole ka maikaʻi a ua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki.ʻO nā filament i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpuʻu kukui incandescent ua hana ʻia mai ka tungsten mai ia manawa mai, e lilo ia i mea nui i ka ulu a me ka nui o nā kukui artificial hou.
I ka ʻoihana paahana, make ka pono no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana me ka paʻakikī e like me ke daimana a me ka lōʻihi loa i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā carbide tungsten cemented i nā makahiki 1920.Me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ʻoihana ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ulu pū ka mākeke no nā carbide sima i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea paahana a me nā ʻāpana canst.I kēia lā, ʻo ka tungsten ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā metala refractory, a ke lawe ʻia nei ia mai ka wolframite a me kekahi mineral, scheelite, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kumu like i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā kaikunāne Elhuyar.

Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ʻo Tungsten me ke kila e hana i nā metala paʻa i paʻa i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā huahana e like me nā mea hana cuttlng kiʻekiʻe a me nā nozzles engine rocket, a me ka noi nui o ka ferro-tungsten e like me nā prows o nā moku. ʻoi aku ka hau hau.Pono nā huahana tungsten a me tungsten alloy mill no nā noi e koi ʻia ai kahi mea kiʻekiʻe (19.3 g / cm3), e like me nā kinetic energy penetrators, counterweights, flywheels, a me nā kiaʻāina ʻO nā noi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā pale radiation a me nā pahuhopu x-ray. .
Hoʻokumu pū ʻo Tungsten i nā pūhui - no ka laʻana, me ka calcium a me ka magnesium, e hana ana i nā waiwai phosphorescent i pono i nā ʻōpuʻu kukui fluorescent.ʻO Tungsten carbide kahi hui paʻakikī loa e pili ana i ka 65% o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tungsten a hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o nā pahu drill, nā mea hana ʻoki kiʻekiʻe, a me nā mīkini mining Ua kaulana ʻo Tungsten carbide no kona pale ʻana i ka lole;ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke ʻoki wale ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana daimana.Hōʻike pū ʻo Tungsten carbide i ka uila a me ka thermal conductivity, a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.Eia nō naʻe, he pilikia ka brittleness i nā noi hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi a alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā composites paʻa metala, e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka cobalt e hana i ka carbide cemented.
Ma ke kālepa, hana ʻia ka tungsten a me kāna mau huahana like ʻole - e like me nā alloys kaumaha, copper tungsten, a me nā electrodes - i hana ʻia ma ke kaomi ʻana a me ka sintering i kahi ʻano ʻupena kokoke.No nā huahana uea a me ke koʻokoʻo, kaomi ʻia ka tungsten a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ukali ʻia e ka swaging a me ke kaha hou ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, e hana i kahi ʻano elongated grain structure e lawe ana i nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia mai nā lāʻau nui a hiki i nā uea lahilahi.


Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-05-2019