Atomic nhamba	41
CAS nhamba	7440-03-1
Atomic mass	92.91
Melting point	2 468 °C
Boiling point	4 900 °C
Atomic volume	0.0180 nm3
Density pa20 °C	8.55g/cm³
Crystal chimiro	body-center cubic
Lattice nguva dzose	0.3294 [nm]
Kuwanda mugoko rePasi	20.0 [g/t]
Kumhanya kwenzwi	3480 m/s (pa rt)(tsvimbo nhete)
Kuwedzera kupisa	7.3 µm/(m·K) (pa25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	53.7W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	152 nΩ·m (pa20 °C)
Mohs kuoma	6.0
Vickers kuoma	870-1320Mpa
Brinell kuoma	1735-2450Mpa

Niobium, yaimbozivikanwa secolumbium, ikemikari ine chiratidzo Nb (yaimbova Cb) uye nhamba yeatomu 41. Isimbi yakapfava, grey, crystalline, ductile transition, inowanzowanikwa mumaminerari pyrochlore uye columbite, saka zita rekare " Columbium".Zita rayo rinobva kungano dzechiGiriki, kunyanya Niobe, aive mwanasikana waTantalus, zita rezita retantalum.Zita racho rinoratidza kufanana kukuru pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi muchimiro chazvo chemuviri nemakemikari, zvichiita kuti zviome kusiyanisa.

Nyanzvi yemakemikari yeChirungu Charles Hatchett akashuma chimwe chinhu chitsva chakafanana netantalum muna 1801 uye akachitumidza kuti columbium.Muna 1809, nyanzvi yemakemikari yeChirungu William Hyde Wollaston akagumisa zvisiri izvo kuti tantalum necolumbium zvakanga zvakafanana.Nyanzvi yemakemikari yeGermany Heinrich Rose akatsunga muna 1846 kuti tantalum ores ine chinhu chechipiri, chaakatumidza kuti niobium.Muna 1864 na1865, nhevedzano yezvakawanikwa zvesainzi yakajekesa kuti niobium necolumbium zvaive chinhu chimwe (sechakasiyaniswa netantalum), uye kwezana ramakore mazita ese ari maviri akashandiswa zvakasiyana.Niobium yakagamuchirwa zviri pamutemo sezita rechinhu muna 1949, asi zita rekuti columbium rinoramba riri mukushandiswa kwazvino mumetallurgy muUnited States.

Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 apo niobium yakatanga kushandiswa pakutengeserana.Brazil ndiyo inotungamira kugadzira niobium uye ferronobium, alloy ye60-70% niobium ine iron.Niobium inonyanya kushandiswa mune alloys, chikamu chikuru musimbi yakakosha senge iyo inoshandiswa mumapaipi egasi.Kunyange zvazvo ma alloys aya ane huwandu hwe 0.1%, chikamu chiduku che niobium chinowedzera simba resimbi.Kugadzikana kwekushisa kweniobium-ine superalloys kwakakosha pakushandiswa kwayo mujet uye rocket injini.

Niobium inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dze superconducting.Aya ma superconducting alloys, anewo titanium netin, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagineti makuru eMRI scanner.Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zve niobium zvinosanganisira welding, maindasitiri enyukireya, zvemagetsi, optics, numismatics, uye zvishongo.Mumashandisirwo maviri ekupedzisira, iyo yakaderera toxicity uye iridescence inogadzirwa neanodization zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvakanyanya.Niobium inoonekwa se tekinoroji-yakakosha chinhu.

Zvimiro zvemuviri

Niobium inopenya, grey, ductile, paramagnetic simbi muboka 5 reperiodic tafura (ona tafura), ine erekitironi configuration ari okunze magoko atypical yeboka 5. (Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa munharaunda ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), uye palladium (46).

Kunyange zvazvo ichifungidzirwa kuva nemuviri-pakati cubic crystal chimiro kubva zvachose zero kusvika pakunyunguduka kwayo, zviyero zvepamusoro-soro zvekuwedzera kwekupisa pamwe chete nematemo matatu ecrystallographic anoratidza anisotropies isingaenderane ne cubic structure.[28]Naizvozvo, kumwe kutsvagisa uye kuwanikwa munzvimbo ino kunotarisirwa.

Niobium inova superconductor pane cryogenic tembiricha.Pamhepo yemuchadenga, ine yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha ye elemental superconductors pa9.2 K. Niobium ine yakanyanya kudzika magineti yekupinda chero chinhu.Uye zvakare, ndeimwe yeatatu ekutanga Type II superconductors, pamwe nevanadium uye technetium.Iyo superconductive zvivakwa zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nekuchena kweiyo niobium simbi.

Kana yakanyatsochena, yakapfava uye yakapfava, asi tsvina inoita kuti zviome.

Iyo simbi ine yakaderera kubata cross-section ye thermal neutrons;nokudaro inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri enyukireya panodiwa manyuturoni anoonekera.

Kemikari maitiro

Simbi inotora bluish tinge kana yaiswa kumhepo pakamuri tembiricha kwenguva yakareba.Kunyangwe paine yakakwira yekunyungudika mune yekutanga fomu (2,468 ° C), ine yakaderera density pane mamwe masimbi anopokana.Uyezve, inodzivirira kuora, inoratidza superconductivity zvivakwa, uye inoumba dielectric oxide layer.

Niobium ishoma zvishoma electropositive uye yakawanda compact pane yakatangira paperiodic table, zirconium, nepo ichida kufanana muhukuru kune inorema tantalum maatomu, semugumisiro wekumanikana kwe lanthanide.Nekuda kweizvozvo, makemikari eniobium akafanana chaizvo neaya etantalum, ayo anoonekwa pazasi peniobium patafura yeperiodic.Kunyangwe kusadzikiswa kwayo nekuora kusina kunaka senge ye tantalum, mutengo wakaderera uye kuwanikwa kukuru kunoita kuti niobium itaridzike kune isinganyanyi kudiwa maapplication, senge mavheti mumiti yemakemikari.